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The crucifixion of Jesus occurred during the 1st century AD, most probably between the years 30 and 33. Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah, was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the chief priests of the Jews.〔; ;; 〕〔''Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian'' by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30〕〔''Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research'' edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5 pages 455–457〕〔''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110〕〔''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108〕〔Evans, Craig A. (2001). ''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316〕〔Wansbrough, Henry (2004). ''Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition'' ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185〕 Jesus' crucifixion is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament Epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and is established as a historical event confirmed by non-Christian sources,〔Eddy & Boyd (2007) ''The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition'' Baker Academic, ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 page 127 states that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.〕 although there is no consensus on the precise details of what exactly occurred.〔Christopher M. Tuckett in ''The Cambridge companion to Jesus'' edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1 pages 123–124〕〔〔 Collectively referred to as the Passion, Jesus' suffering and redemptive death by crucifixion are the central aspects of Christian theology concerning the doctrines of salvation and atonement. ==Historicity== In modern scholarship, the baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus.〔〔''Jesus of Nazareth'' by Paul Verhoeven (Apr 6, 2010) ISBN 1-58322-905-1 page 39〕 For example, James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.〔''Jesus Remembered'' by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339〕 Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.〔''A Brief Introduction to the New Testament'' by Bart D. Ehrman 2008 ISBN 0-19-536934-3 page 136〕 John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus.〔 Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable.〔''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3 pages 211–214〕 Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.〔''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 ISBN 0-521-79678-4 page 136〕 While scholars agree on the historicity of the crucifixion, they differ on the reason and context for it, e.g., both E. P. Sanders and Paula Fredriksen support the historicity of the crucifixion, but contend that Jesus did not foretell his own crucifixion, and that his prediction of the crucifixion is a "church creation" (p. 126).〔 Geza Vermes also views the crucifixion as a historical event but provides his own explanation and background for it.〔''A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007'' by Ernest Nicholson 2004 ISBN 0-19-726305-4 pages 125–126 (Link 126 )〕 John P. Meier views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that based on the ''criterion of embarrassment'' Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.〔John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 126–128〕 Meier states that a number of other criteria, e.g., the criterion of ''multiple attestation'' (i.e., confirmation by more than one source) and the ''criterion of coherence'' (i.e., that it fits with other historical elements) help establish the crucifixion of Jesus as a historical event.〔John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 132–136〕 Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels.〔David Freedman, 2000, ''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'', ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4, page 299.〕 The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.〔(Crucifixion Article )〕〔(Article on the Crucifixion of Jesus )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crucifixion of Jesus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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